Κείμενο: Ηλίας Σμήλιος1 και Γρηγόρης Μπογδάνης2
1 Σ.Ε.Φ.Α.Α, Δημοκρίτειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θράκης
2 Σ.Ε.Φ.Α.Α, Εθνικό και Καποδιστριακό Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών
Η αντιθετική μέθοδος προπόνησης δύναμης περιλαμβάνει την εκτέλεση των σετ μιας άσκησης εναλλάξ με βαρύ και ελαφρύ φορτίο ή την εκτέλεση ενός σετ μιας άσκησης με βαρύ φορτίο και στη συνέχεια την εκτέλεση μιας άλλης δραστηριότητα με παρόμοια εμβιομηχανικά χαρακτηριστικά, χωρίς φορτίο. Για παράδειγμα, μπορεί να εκτελεστεί ένα σετ της άσκησης ημικάθισμα και μετά ένα σετ κατακόρυφων αλμάτων ή ένα σπριντ. Με την αντιθετική μέθοδο γίνεται προσπάθεια εκμετάλλευσης του φαινομένου της μεταδιεγερτικής ή ασκησιογενούς ενεργοποίησης που δηλώνει την παροδική αύξηση της νευρομυϊκής απόδοσης ως αποτέλεσμα προηγούμενης έντονης μυϊκής δραστηριότητας. Οι πιθανοί φυσιολογικοί μηχανισμοί που συμβάλλουν στο φαινόμενο της μεταδιεγερτικής ενεργοποίησης είναι: α) αυξημένη φωσφορυλίωση των ελαφρών αλυσίδων της μυοσίνης η οποία καθιστά το σύμπλεγμα ακτίνης – μυοσίνης πιο ευαίσθητο στο ασβέστιο, β) μεταβολές σε επίπεδο νωτιαίου μυελού που μπορεί να προκαλέσουν αυξημένη ενεργοποίηση κινητικών μονάδων με υψηλό κατώφλι ενεργοποίησης και γ) αλλαγές στην αρχιτεκτονική του μυός, όπως είναι η μείωση της γωνίας πρόσφυσης των μυϊκών ινών στην απονεύρωση. Πράγματι, η πλειονότητα των μελετών έχει δείξει άμεση βελτίωση της απόδοσης σε ένα κατακόρυφο άλμα ή ένα σπριντ, από 2-5%, όταν έχει προηγηθεί η εκτέλεση ενός σετ μιας άλλης άσκησης όπως το ημικάθισμα, με δυναμική ή ισομετρική μυϊκή σύσπαση. Θα πρέπει να σημειωθεί ότι υπάρχουν και μελέτες που δεν έχουν βρει αύξηση της απόδοσης μετά από την εφαρμογή της αντιθετικής μεθόδου ενώ σε καμία δεν βρέθηκε αρνητική επίδραση.
Παράγοντες που καθορίζουν την αποτελεσματικότητα της αντιθετικής μεθόδου
Το μέγεθος της άμεσης αύξησης της απόδοσης με την αντιθετική μέθοδο εξαρτάται από τους εξής παράγοντες:
- την άσκηση που θα εκτελεστεί για ενεργοποίηση
- τον τύπο της μυϊκής σύσπασης που θα εκτελεστεί
- το φορτίο που θα χρησιμοποιηθεί για ενεργοποίηση
- το χρόνο του διαλείμματος μεταξύ της άσκησης με βαρύ φορτίο και της άσκησης με ελαφρύ ή χωρίς φορτίο και
- το επίπεδο μέγιστης δύναμης του αθλουμένου
Άσκηση ενεργοποίησης: Η πιο συνηθισμένη μορφή άσκησης που έχει χρησιμοποιηθεί επιτυχώς για την αύξηση της απόδοσης στο κατακόρυφο άλμα ή στη δρομική ταχύτητα είναι το κάθισμα με επιβάρυνση σε διάφορες γωνίες γόνατος (είτε οι μηροί παράλληλοι στο έδαφος, είτε γωνία γόνατος 90° είτε 135°). Θετική επίδραση έχει επίσης, η εκτέλεση αλτικών ασκήσεων (άλματα βάθους, άλματα με ταλάντευση, κατακόρυφα άλματα με ανύψωση των γονάτων στο στήθος) στη δρομική ταχύτητα σε σπριντ που ακολουθεί καθώς και στην επίδοση σε αγώνα άλματος σε μήκος και σφαιροβολίας. Τα λίγα έως τώρα δεδομένα δείχνουν ότι η εκτέλεση της άσκησης επολέ, που χρησιμοποιείται ευρέως για τη βελτίωση της μέγιστης δύναμης και της ισχύος, δεν έχει άμεση επίδραση στην αλτική ικανότητα.
Τύπος μυϊκής σύσπασης: Αύξηση της απόδοσης έχει παρατηρηθεί τόσο μετά από τη χρήση δυναμικής άσκησης με εκτέλεση μειομετρικής ή πλειο-μειομετρικής σύσπασης, όσο και μετά από στατικές ασκήσεις με την εκτέλεση ισομετρικών συσπάσεων.
Φορτίο ενεργοποίησης: Έχει εξεταστεί η αύξηση της νευρομυϊκής ενεργοποίησης και της αθλητικής απόδοσης με τη χρήση διάφορων φορτίων. Η χρήση φορτίων υψηλότερων του 85% της 1 Μέγιστης Επανάληψης (1ΜΕ) στην άσκηση κάθισμα επιφέρει αύξηση της αλτικότητας και της δρομικής ταχύτητας. Με χαμηλότερα φορτία (<70% 1ΜΕ) επιθυμητή είναι η βαλλιστική εκτέλεση των ασκήσεων, δηλαδή άλματα με φορτίο ή πέταγμα της μπάρας στην άσκηση του πάγκου και όχι η συνήθης εκτέλεση έως της ακροστασία ‘η χωρίς να ‘αφήνουμε’ τη μπάρα, αντίστοιχα. Ανεξαρτήτως του φορτίου που χρησιμοποιείται, η ταχύτητα εκτέλεσης στη μειομετρική φάση της κίνησης θα πρέπει να είναι η μέγιστη δυνατή. Επίσης, όταν χρησιμοποιούνται υπομέγιστα φορτία θα πρέπει να εκτελούνται τόσες επαναλήψεις έτσι ώστε η ταχύτητα εκτέλεσης να παραμένει υψηλή και να μην παρατηρείται κόπωση. Η χρήση υψηλών φορτίων (>75% 1ΜΕ) πιθανά να επιφέρει μεγαλύτερη αύξηση της απόδοσης έναντι χαμηλότερων φορτίων αν και με τη βαλλιστική εκτέλεση μιας άσκησης φαίνεται να επιτυγχάνεται παρόμοια νευρομυϊκή ενεργοποίηση και βελτίωση της απόδοσης ανεξάρτητα του φορτίου που χρησιμοποιείται.
Χρόνος διαλείμματος: Υψηλότερη απόδοση εμφανίζεται 3 – 12 λεπτά μετά από την εκτέλεση της άσκησης ενεργοποίησης. Θα πρέπει να προσεχθεί πως στο μισό έως και το πρώτο λεπτό και πιθανά έως και τα 2 πρώτα λεπτά, η απόδοση είναι μειωμένη μετά από την εκτέλεση της άσκησης ενεργοποίησης με βαρύ φορτίο. Θα πρέπει λοιπόν να χρησιμοποιείται ένα διάλειμμα τουλάχιστον 3 λεπτών μεταξύ της άσκησης με βαρύ φορτίο και της άσκησης με ελαφρύ ή χωρίς φορτίο έτσι ώστε να υπάρξει θετικό αποτέλεσμα στην απόδοση της δεύτερης. Ωστόσο, χρησιμοποιούνται ως άσκηση ενεργοποίησης αλτικές ασκήσεις, εκτελώντας 3-6 επαναλήψεις, τότε χρόνος διαλείμματος ενός λεπτού φαίνεται να είναι επαρκής.
Αξίζει να σημειωθεί, πάντως, πως αν ο στόχος είναι το βέλτιστο διάλειμμα, αυτό θα πρέπει να καθοριστεί ατομικά. Σε μελέτες όπου αναλύθηκαν τα ατομικά δεδομένα και λήφθηκε υπ’ όψη η χρονική στιγμή όπου το κάθε άτομο παρουσίασε τη βέλτιστη απόδοση, τότε η αύξηση ήταν εντυπωσιακή, της τάξης του 10% έναντι του 2 – 5% που παρατηρείται συνήθως όταν λαμβάνεται υπ’ όψη ο μέσος όρος μια ομάδας ατόμων σε κάθε χρονική στιγμή. Η εξατομίκευση, λοιπόν, του χρόνου διαλείμματος θα ήταν η καλύτερη στρατηγική εφαρμογής της αντιθετικής μεθόδου.
Επίπεδο μέγιστης δύναμης: Πολλές μελέτες έχουν δείξει μεγαλύτερη αύξηση της απόδοσης ή αύξηση μόνο στα άτομα με τα υψηλότερα επίπεδα μέγιστης δύναμης (κυρίως της σχετικής μέγιστης δύναμης) Επίσης, άμεση αύξηση της απόδοσης με την αντιθετική μέθοδο φαίνεται να επέρχεται μετά από μια περίοδο προπόνησης με τη χρήση της συγκεκριμένης μεθόδου αν και το θέμα αυτό δεν έχει μελετηθεί επαρκώς. Φαίνεται λοιπόν, πως τα πιο δυνατά άτομα και ίσως τα πιο προπονημένα να έχουν μεγαλύτερο όφελος από την εφαρμογή της αντιθετικής μεθόδου προπόνησης.
Συμπεράσματα και συστάσεις
Η εφαρμογή της αντιθετικής μεθόδου έχει τουλάχιστον δύο στόχους. Ένας στόχος είναι η άμεση αύξηση της αγωνιστικής απόδοσης. Τα μέχρι τώρα δεδομένα δείχνουν ότι μπορεί να υπάρξει βελτίωση της αλτικότητας, της δρομικής ταχύτητας και της ισχύος των άνω άκρων. Επίσης, τα πρώτα ερευνητικά δεδομένα για την επίδραση της αντιθετικής μεθόδου στην απόδοση σε σύνθετες αγωνιστικές προσπάθειες, όπως το άλμα σε μήκος και η σφαιροβολία, είναι θετικά καθώς παρατηρήθηκαν καλύτερες επιδόσεις με την εκτέλεση αλτικής άσκησης ενεργοποίησης 1-3 λεπτά πριν από τις προσπάθειες. Χρειάζονται βεβαίως περισσότερα δεδομένα για διάφορα αθλήματα. Ένας άλλος στόχος της χρήσης της αντιθετικής μεθόδου προπόνησης είναι η μακροχρόνια μεγαλύτερη αύξηση της ισχύος και της δρομικής ταχύτητας σε σύγκριση με την εφαρμογή ‘κλασικών’ μη αντιθετικών μεθόδων. Τα λίγα έως τώρα ερευνητικά δεδομένα δεν δείχνουν κάποιο πλεονέκτημα της αντιθετικής μεθόδου ή μπορεί να είναι πιο αποτελεσματική για τη βελτίωση της δύναμης παρά της ισχύος. Τα αποτελέσματα φαίνεται να εξαρτώνται από τον τρόπο εφαρμογής της μεθόδου και χρειάζεται περισσότερη έρευνα για τη διεξαγωγή έγκυρων συμπερασμάτων. Ωστόσο, παρά το σχετικά μεγάλο όγκο ερευνητικών δεδομένων σχετικά με την άμεση επίδραση της μεθόδου στην απόδοση δεν υπάρχουν μελέτες που να έχουν διερευνήσει τις μακροπρόθεσμες επιδράσεις της. Δεδομένο είναι πάντως ότι η χρήση της μεθόδου επιτρέπει την ταυτόχρονη ή συνδυαστική εξάσκηση διαφορετικών ικανοτήτων, όπως η μέγιστη δύναμη, η ταχυδύναμη, η αλτικότητα και η δρομική ταχύτητα δίδοντας ποικιλία την προπόνηση, κάνοντας τη πιο ευχάριστη για τους αθλουμένους.
Συνοψίζοντας, η εκτέλεση καθίσματος ή ημικαθίσματος (επιβάρυνση με στόχο τη μέγιστη δύναμη ή την ταχυδύναμη) πριν από άσκηση αλτικότητας έχει θετική επίδραση στην αλτική ικανότητα και τη δρομική ταχύτητα όταν: i) χρησιμοποιούνται υψηλά φορτία (>80% 1ΜΕ) ή εφαρμόζεται μέγιστη δύναμη κατά την εκτέλεση ισομετρικής σύσπασης των μυών, ii) οι ασκήσεις εκτελούνται με τη μέγιστη δυνατή ταχύτητα και βαλλιστικά όταν χρησιμοποιούνται χαμηλά και υπομέγιστα φορτία και iii) οι ασκούμενοι είναι προπονημένοι ή έχουν υψηλά επίπεδα δύναμης. Για τη μεγιστοποίηση της θετικής επίδρασης της άσκησης ενεργοποίησης θα πρέπει να μεσολαβήσει το κατάλληλο διάλειμμα αποκατάστασης, το οποίο είναι καλό να εξατομικεύεται και να μην είναι μικρότερο του 1 λεπτού εκτός αν χρησιμοποιείται για ενεργοποίηση αλτική άσκηση.
Ενδεικτική βιβλιογραφία
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